How many non-heterosexual people are there?

Attention conservation notice: 1400 words about a topic which, if you were really seriously interested in it, you would already have read the research I’m summarizing.

Nearly since the modern conception of sexual orientation was invented, there have been serious questions about how the various categories should be defined (if they even can), and how many people could be so described. The definitional question has become particularly important thanks to our society’s fundamental essentialism: people ought to be free to express their sexuality in various ways, say the law and the media, because they are innate and unchanging. Queer advocacy groups have pitched their message to play to this essentialism, and to give them credit, this strategy has won some major victories — but at what price? I have long worried about winning the fight for equal rights in a way that entrenches the wrong principles, and in particular, reinforces the social erasure of bisexuality.

To understand how much of a problem this is, it is necessary to get a handle on the size of the population, and non-majority orientations have historically been extremely difficult to get believable numbers on through traditional survey research methods. For many years, people in the gay community believed that they were about ten percent of the population, and this is still a commonly-held belief. (Bisexuality, of course, was relegated to a small fraction of that — perhaps one percent of the overall population — when it wasn’t ignored entirely.) This view is hard to square with modern scholarship about historical sexual behavior, in both our Western societies and in tribal cultures from Polynesia to the Americas, particularly if one is committed to the essentialist view. One can of course argue that, sexual orientation being a modern concept, it is anachronistic to categorize historical behavior according to our current conception, but at the same time, one must assume that the ancient Greeks and Romans were subject to pretty much the same innate desires and drives as we moderns are, even if they conceptualized the resulting behavior under a different standard.

There have been a few recent attempts to better characterize the prevalence of non-heterosexual orientation, and non-heterosexual behavior more generally. A 2011 report from the UCLA Law School’s Williams Institute summarizes recent research findings using traditional survey methods and instruments, and concludes that only 3.5% of adults in the United States are “LGB” (and 0.3% have some measure of trans identity), with slightly more than half of the “LGB” population (and significantly more than half of the female “LGB” population) identifying as bisexual. However, another 4.7% of the population did not report an “LGBT” identity but did report same-sex sexual behavior, and a further 2.8% report same-sex attraction without reporting such behavior. (I am playing a bit fast and loose with the statistics here, but this is a close enough approximation to the report’s findings.)

These numbers are a summary of multiple surveys taken by different investigators with different survey protocols, and it’s hard to know what to make of them. My intuition is that they seem quite low, but they do fairly represent a consensus of the surveys the Williams Institute report used as sources. But one of the major critiques of the essentialist view is that it’s impossible to identify any sort of “innate sexual orientation” so long as non-majority preferences are still stigmatized; could it be that traditional survey methodologies, even with privacy-enhancing protocols (such as administration by computer in an otherwise private room), are insufficiently private for respondents to report truthfully? It turns out that there are survey protocols for measuring this — originally developed for investigating the prevalence domestic violence, among other social ills — and a working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research released late in 2013 demonstrates that the answer is “yes”.

The privacy-preserving survey protocol is called the “Item Count Technique” or ICT, and it works like this. First, a sample is drawn and randomly divided in half, into “control” and “treatment” subsamples. Each half of the sample is given a list of yes-or-no questions, and participants are asked to answer each question privately, and report only the total number of “yes” answers. Unbeknownst to the participants, those in the “treatment” subsample get one additional question — which is the question the researchers are actually interested in; it’s known as the “veiled” question (because the researchers get information about the answer to the question without learning the specific answer of any individual participant). The other questions included in the item count are carefully chosen so that some of them are negatively correlated; this ensures that “0” and “N+1″ responses are unlikely, because those responses would positively identify the respondent as having answered the veiled question in a particular way. By comparing the tallies over the two subsamples, the researchers can determine the “average” answer to the veiled question, and thus its prevalence in the population. (This means that cross-tabs are still possible where the veiled question is the dependent variable, but not the independent variable.)

The NBER researchers went a step further, and asked the “control” participants to answer the study question point blank, after submitting demographic data and their item count for the other questions. This allowed them to directly compare the response rates for the traditional and veiled protocols, and they did in fact find that significantly more survey participants answered “yes” using the veiled protocol. This research was done using a (non-probability) Internet sample, so it is difficult to make conclusions about the population as a whole, but because the participants were assigned randomly between the two survey protocols, it is possible to make some conclusions about the willingness of the people in their sample to truthfully answer a question about non-majority sexuality.

The differences between the NBER results and the Williams Institute findings are pretty striking. It is important to recognize that the population the NBER researchers surveyed, recruited through Mechanical Turk, is not representative of the population as a whole, and this research would need to be repeated with a true probability sample in order to make such a generalization. (The authors note “Our population has broad coverage of demographic characteristics, but is not representative of the U.S. as a whole (e.g., 18-30 year-old liberals are overrepresented in our sample).”) The NBER survey actually asked eight different “sensitive” questions, some of which were about sexuality, and some of which were about anti-gay prejudice, and the order of those questions was randomized to reduce priming effects. They found that there was some evidence that question ordering influenced the answers. But with those caveats in mind, let’s take a look at the actual findings.

The first question, and the one most directly relevant to my topic in this post, asked the participants whether they considered themselves heterosexual. As with all the other questions, this was given as a yes/no question, and no description was offered of what the “no” alternative might entail. For the control group, who were asked the question directly, 11% answered in the negative (“I am not heterosexual”), 8% of the men and 16% of the women. For the ICT group, however, that increased to 19% (15% men, 22% women). Another question asked respondents whether they had ever had a same-sex sexual experience, and here too, the veiled technique significantly increased response rates, from 17% (12% men, 24% women) all the way to 27% (17% men, 43% women). Both of these increases in reporting rate are significant at p < 0.05; for the first question, the increase is also significant at p < 0.01. (For all questions, n = 2516 overall, with 1270 in the “direct report” group.)

On a third question (actually numbered 2 in the paper), the NBER researchers found no statistically significant difference in reporting same-sex attraction, as opposed to experience or orientation. Other questions included in the experiment looked at sentiment: support for marriage equality, equal adoption rights, anti-discrimination laws, attitude towards a hypothetical LGB supervisor, and whether the respondent thought orientation was fixed or changeable. In general, the ICT increased reporting of what the researchers characterized as stigmatized anti-LGBT attitudes.

The report goes into more detail for the statistics geeks than is practical to repeat here (if you’re one of those people, see the link below). One of the appendices gives the demographic breakdown of the respondents, which makes it clear just how young Turkers are (the median age was 26, versus 37 for the US population as a whole), and how important it is that a similar study be performed on a more representative population.

References

Posted in Law & Society | Tagged , ,

Diane Duane’s Tessinerbrot

Back in the summer of 2011, Diane Duane published a recipe on her blog for Tessinerbrot, which is the German name for a white bread from the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland. She adapted the recipe from the Web site of a bakery in Au, Bäckerei Sieber (apparently now Bäckerei Konditorei Cafe Sieber), hence the German-language name. I held onto this post in my feed reader for a long time, thinking it would interesting to try it, and today, while it was uncomfortably warm and pouring rain outside (thunder and lightning! in January!), I decided to give it a try. The recipe is a very simple, high-moisture style of the sort that are commonly used for “no-knead” and “bread-in-a-pot” varieties, but since I was looking for a sandwich loaf, I chose instead to use a standard 9-by-5 loaf pan. Here’s the result:

Photo showing a loaf of Tessinerbrot on a wire rack in my kitchen

A loaf of Tessinerbrot, cooling on a rack

I ran into two issues. First, Duane’s adaptation of the recipe calls for a mass of “fresh” yeast (by which I assume is meant cake yeast, the kind commonly used by professional bakers but rarely found in the home), which she kindly gives as equivalent to a “packet” of dry yeast, but my dry yeast doesn’t come in packets, so a quantity would have been helpful. I started out trying to measure out the given mass as if it were “fresh”, but after putting nearly two tablespoons of yeast on the scale, I realized that that couldn’t possibly be right and stopped at 18 grams. (My recipe for a whole-wheat sandwich loaf calls for only two teaspoons!) The second issue was that I misread the recipe and used only 600 grams of bread flour (King Arthur’s Sir Lancelot unbleached high-gluten flour) rather than the 660 grams called for; while the dough was quite sticky, there did not appear to be any ill effects.

I departed a bit from the recipe after the first rise, choosing to use Alton Brown’s technique (from I’m Just Here for More Food) for shaping and proofing the loaf. This involves redistributing the yeast and popping any large bubbles by flattening the dough with your knuckles, then a three-way fold (like a wallet or a business letter) repeated three times, rotating the dough between each round of folding, then pinching the ends together to avoid unseemly cracks when the dough inflates in the oven. Then I proofed the dough in a lubricated non-stick baking pan (the one seen in the photo below) for about 35 minutes, until the dough crowned the top of the pan by about half an inch — which conveniently is just enough time to preheat the oven.

Photo showing a loaf of Tessinerbrot on a cooling rack side by side with the loaf pan

The loaf compared for size with the U.S. standard 9″×5″ loaf pan it was baked in

As you can see, this is a seriously large loaf. I got 16 slices out of it, but I’m a terrible slicer; I have to use the wooden slicing guide seen behind the loaf in the photo, and even with that help my slices still come out uneven. The top of the loaf doesn’t come this shiny straight from the oven: as soon as it came out, I brushed a bit of melted butter on the top. Once it was cool enough not to collapse, I sliced the bread and froze most of it. (Unfortunately, unpreserved bread and my kitchen do not get along, and any bread not frozen will be covered in mold after three or four days, and I want this bread to last for a whole week so I can make sandwiches!)

Photo showing three slices of Tessinerbrot on a cutting board next to the rest of the loaf (uncut)

Three slices of Tessinerbrot

I’ll update this post with comments on the flavor and texture after I’ve had a chance to make a sandwich. In the mean time, here’s the nutrition data (note that this does not include the melted butter I put on top):

Nutrition Facts
Serving size: 1 slice
Servings per container: about 16
Amount per serving
Calories 160 Calories from fat 20
% Daily Value
Total Fat 2g 3%
 Saturated Fat 0g
 Monounsaturated Fat 2g
Trans Fat 0g
Cholesterol 0mg
Sodium 376mg 15%
Total Carbohydrate 27g 9%
 Dietary fiber less than 1g 0%
 Sugars 0g
Proteins 6g 12%
Vitamin A 0%
Vitamin C 0%
Calcium 0%
Iron 10%
Posted in Food | Tagged , , | 1 Comment

Introversion and growing older alone

A few Sundays ago, I turned 41. That day, I had a nice birthday dinner and a chocolate tart (the result of a mix-up — I asked for a torte — but lovely nonetheless). But I didn’t consider it to be much of a cause for celebration. I’ve actually been feeling pretty unhappy, at times bordering on (if not crossing into) depression, since the summer of last year, as the reality of my current situation has really started to set in. It seems somewhat shameful to complain; I should feel extremely lucky, having essentially fallen into my dream job right out of college (next February is my 20th anniversary at MIT, only five more years until I get the uncomfortable wooden chair!), and having no real material wants — but it’s not healthy to keep things bottled up, so I’m trying to put it into writing as best I can.

What follows has been percolating in various forms for a while. Some of it I have shared with one or two other people. It is a bit disjointed, a jumble of thoughts I still haven’t entirely sorted out even over the course of a year, and I haven’t necessarily followed every idea here to its conclusion. I am far from the world’s most facile writer, and these subjects are among the most difficult for me to write or even speak about.

I’ve always known I was an introvert, even before I had any understanding of the term. Growing up, I was never completely without friends, but neither can I recall any time, nor any place where my family lived, where I had more than one or two. When my parents moved, or I went to a new school, or circumstances changed in some other way, I lost touch with those people, and it took a long time before I would even meet another new person. Thanks to the magic of the Web, I can find out what many of these people are up to now, but I don’t feel especially compelled to try to reestablish contact; thirty years, or even twenty, represents a very great deal of water under the bridge, and I don’t expect that I would have anything in common with any of those people now, having so comprehensively forgotten them so long ago, beyond a bit of shared nostalgia. Perhaps this means they were not really friends, as I understand the word now, but my memory says I thought of them that way back then. Looking back, I was nearly always closer to the teachers and other adults in my life — especially science teacher Sister Rita Hammond at Mater Christi Elementary and French teacher Mrs. Nancy Provencher at Rice High School — than I was to people my own age. (Mme Provencher died two decades ago; Sr. Rita appears to still be alive, although I haven’t communicated with her since the sixth grade.)

Different people experience introversion in different ways. Growing up, I seemed to have it in spades, although a modern-day psychometric test doesn’t classify me as quite so profoundly introverted as I feel. I’m sure this was a result, at least in part, of the fact that I was always, from a very early age, large in body size, precocious, bookish, unathletic, and not particularly interested in games or sports, which severely limited my potential for socializing. (One of my earliest memories is getting told off, in the first grade, for laughing while reading a book that I “was not supposed to be able to understand”. The notion that one could find entertainment in a book without knowing what every single word meant was clearly foreign to that teacher.) Over time, this developed into an almost fanatical devotion to personal privacy — what I understood, most acutely, as not being observed. When circumstances put me into a public school for seventh grade, with mandatory physical education, after five years in a parochial elementary school with no phys. ed., I was the boy who hid in the bathroom stalls to change, when he even remembered to bring his gym clothes to school at all. Of course, I was also the boy who didn’t know the rules to any of the games that were played in gym class — and what twelve-year-old boy doesn’t know how to play baseball, basketball, or soccer? (After that year, it was back to parochial school, and I never again had a PE class, to the great detriment of my future health.)

When I went to college, the whole thing started again. I started my undergraduate career at Johns Hopkins, and had I remained there, the other members of my tiny freshman class (undergraduate classes at Hopkins were then only about 250 strong) might have become friends. There was very limited dormitory space on the Homewood campus, and private dorm rooms were very expensive, so I ended up in a double room, and I think there were some triples as well. Had I stayed at Hopkins, I would have had to get a roommate for sophomore year, when all undergraduates had to move into off-campus housing, but family finances did not allow for another $20,000 school year, and we had no conception then that I could take out a loan for such an enormous sum in my own name. I had gotten acquainted with some of the computer science instructors, one or two of the CS grad students, and some of the system administrators in the computer center, but lost touch with my actual classmates. I would never again have a roommate.

When I got back home, I got a job working in the warehouse side of a Service Merchandise in South Burlington. (Mr. Wheeler, the store manager, probably knew from the moment he saw me that I was not someone he wanted to put directly in front of customers.) The following fall, I went back to school — a much cheaper state school — as a continuing-education student, and formally transferred to UVM as a full-time student for the spring term. As a commuter student, I lived at home with my parents (just a short bike ride down what passed for busy arterial streets in South Burlington), so I was spared the mandatory dormitory living that my fellow students were subject to. Of course, this meant that I was completely cut off from campus social life, and the only other undergraduates I knew were the ones I met hanging out in the computer labs in Votey Hall.

When I moved to Massachusetts after college, the only people I knew were the people who had hired me. I also knew next to nothing about the area, despite having extended family not too far away, and didn’t have a clue where I ought to be living. In a rental housing market dominated by the September-to-June cycle of college students, there wasn’t much available, and I had no idea how ignorant Boston-area real-estate agents were of properties outside their immediate neighborhoods; I ended up in an uncomfortably hot one-bedroom apartment in Brighton, far away from any of the people I worked with, students or staff, most of whom lived near the MIT campus. I was lucky to meet Scott Fybush, one of the few lasting friendships I have ever had, while he was working at WBZ that first year; as I recall, we met for dinner at the California Pizza Kitchen that was then in Harvard Square, after which he drove me over to the WBZ studios for an impromptu tour. (I got to shake hands with David Brudnoy!)

What brought Scott and me together was the radio hobby, specifically DX’ing — listening for, logging, and eventually requesting written confirmation from, distant radio stations (AM stations, back then, which was more practical when noise levels were lower). I met a bunch more people through the radio hobby, many of whom I will still greet with pleasure on the rare occasions when I go to a radio-hobby convention, but none that I would really understand as “friends”. Scott and I started a Web site for Boston radio history, which I still run, and through that endeavor I did eventually get to meet a number of other people I do keep in touch with, particularly media historian and author Donna Halper. Scott and I did a whole bunch of traveling together, eventually culminating in what has become a nearly annual tradition of a “Big Trip”. But Scott and his girlfriend Lisa got married, then moved back to his hometown of Rochester, New York, so I rarely see him except on our pre-planned travels.

Aside from the radio hobby, I was very much involved in my job, and for my first decade in Boston most of my free time went to the FreeBSD Project, on which I was an early contributor and Core Team member. That work gave me a number of career opportunities — all of which I passed on, after that initial job at MIT — but with the center of gravity in the Bay Area it didn’t exactly help me meet people. Not that I was really concerned with meeting people back then — after all, I was only in my mid-20s, and besides, where would I find the time?

I had always assumed that I would someday meet someone I was interested in, as a potential mate — maybe a friend of a friend, or an indirect coworker — and would have the time and inclination to develop a real friendship before the subject of (serious) relationships ever came up. But that never happened. Oh, I met some smart, attractive women, and even some cute guys, but nothing ever came of it. Most I only ever met in the course of business; the few that I did have more of a connection with, I eventually found to be in relationships already (sometimes even married!) and never got any further. (Which is not to say that I completely dropped them — I’d like to sit down to dinner with any of them and talk about what’s happened with them over the past years — but I haven’t been good about keeping up with these people, particularly the majority who have moved away.) One thing I have noticed — only after a former co-worker pointed it out to me — is that we introverts tend to be terrible at recognizing kindred spirits, particularly those other introverts who are relatively successful at “passing” in our extrovert-dominated culture.

Over the past few years, it’s become blindingly obvious, even to me, that this approach isn’t working — particularly once I turned 40. Literature, music, and other media are of course no help; the sort of books I favor — even the ones that feature classically introverted main characters — tend toward the “True Pair” template. The music I like is very much in the same vein; there are no helpful models here. I don’t drink, so bars and clubs don’t do anything for me (indeed, I roundly detest the lot), and live-music venues, back when I did more of that, tended to the large and impersonal. Because of where I live and the schedule I keep, remaining in town after work to engage in other sorts of activities (that I’m told exist but don’t know anything about) where I might meet people is a high hurdle to cross, even when I can bear to put myself forward. All the while, I’ve seen the intersection of the sets of people I might be interested in, and of people who might possibly be interested in me, shrink and shrink to nearly nothing.

After a group luncheon some time in 2012, my officemate was talking about how she met her husband through an online dating service. That sounded like an ideal way to meet interesting people, if it worked as well as she said, safely, anonymously, and with a reasonable assurance of at least some common ground — but it still took me several months before I could bring myself to sign up. When I did, I found it to be rather less helpful than I first imagined: I could hardly bear to actually send messages to other people, or even take actions that would let them know I was interested, and when I did, the best I got was a polite refusal — the vast majority of messages received no response whatsoever. I asked my officemate to talk about her experience again, in private this time, and the pointlessness of the exercise struck me: she said that she gained a lot of confidence in the service from looking at how it thought she matched up with people she already knew. She didn’t have any trouble meeting people, she just needed a wider pool of people to find the one she wanted. I thought about her description of her experience, and compared it with my own, and concluded that dating sites, at best, benefit those who are already well-endowed with friendships and in most cases are going online after multiple experiences dating people they already knew from the offline world. I still log in from time to time and look at the profiles — even send messages occasionally, in the hope that someone will at least bother to respond — but it seems rather a fool’s enterprise for one such as me. Maybe, like dieting, it’s something you really have to “buy into”, and I just haven’t hit bottom yet.

One other thing that I noticed while using the dating site was how many people set their upper age limit (the oldest person they were willing to consider) at 39. When I hit 40, all of a sudden I had become too old. Another group of people set it at 40, so now that I’m 41, I’ve lost another big chunk of potential contacts. People don’t update their requirements all that often, even as they get older — but then, people don’t change their actual preferences all that often, either, and that’s on both sides of the equation.

A few months back, the CBC Radio 1 philosophy/documentary series “Ideas” did an episode where a speaker (part of a lecture event somewhere) talked about the economic perspective of dating as a barter transaction, in what is technically called a “double-coincidence market”. In a barter economy, for every transaction, both parties must be offering something that exactly satisfies a need of the other party’s. Once you introduce money, buyers and sellers can satisfy their needs independently — but of course society frowns on those sorts of transactions when it comes to dating, relationships, and, dare I say it, sex. And most people aren’t interested in that sort of a mercenary approach to relationships anyway; we all have dreams that that One True Partner will show up somewhere, somehow — like David Wilcox’s “huge blue poodle” (from “Metaphorical Reasons” on Live Songs and Stories, the intro to “That’s What the Lonely Is For”; go listen, I’ll wait).

So that brings us up to last summer. Scott and I did our “Big Trip” in Minnesota and the Dakotas, making a loop from Minneapolis (where there was a radio-hobby convention hosted at the Pavek Museum of Broadcasting) down through southern Minnesota and then up the I-29 corridor from Sioux Falls to Fargo and back to Minneapolis. The trip was a success by most any measure, and we got to meet a number of interesting people (Scott has numerous industry contacts) and take pictures of nearly everything. When I got back home, I immediately started thinking about where I wanted to go next. I only have five states left to go to bag all fifty, and my attention gravitated to the 49th state, Alaska. The airfares to Anchorage seemed amazingly reasonable, given the distance, and rental cars didn’t look too bad, either. Then I started looking at lodging, and was shocked at how much even dumpy chain hotels were getting in midsummer. I reluctantly came to the conclusion that there was absolutely no way I’d be going to Alaska unless I was sharing a bed with someone. That was pretty distressing, but it’s not like I hadn’t made the same conclusion about numerous other places I wanted to visit some day; I have a huge stack of foreign trips I’d like to take, but are either too expensive to do alone, are just wouldn’t be worth doing without someone to share the experience.

But it really got me thinking. In the 25 years since I had reached “dating age”, I had been truly, seriously interested in exactly one person — I think she knows who she is, but I’m not mentioning names — and that interest was not reciprocated. If it takes another 25 years to meet the next person, I’ll likely see my own parents pass on, even reach my own retirement, entirely alone, without any sort of companionship or emotional support. And of course there would be no chance of having a family of my own — if women of an appropriate age already aren’t interested in 40-year-old guys, they certainly aren’t interested in 60-year-old lifelong bachelors. (Nor, for that matter, would I want to bring another person into being without having at least reasonable confidence of living to see that child’s graduation.) This was a truly depressing thought, and reinforced how little time I really had left, and how much time I had wasted when all the people around me were pairing up and having children of their own. (Scott and Lisa have two; a couple of my co-workers have two each; and my next-older cousin has three.)

Then, the following Saturday, I was shopping for something — I think bed linens — and I got a surprise call from my father. He told me that his mother had had a massive heart attack, and they were waiting for all the immediate family members that could make it to get to the hospital room and say goodbye before the life support was turned off in accordance with her wishes. She died a few hours later, with her daughter and two of her three sons at her side. I was never very close to my father’s mother, but I was already primed for it to hit me hard. As a person of no particular faith, one of my greatest fears — perhaps the greatest fear — was that I would some day die alone and unremembered. Grandmother, who had lived alone for two decades after Gramps died, at least had her children at her side, and a week later, a memorial service with family and friends from her assisted-living community, then a cemetery plot next to her husband and her father-in-law. If things continue as they have (and assuming, of course, that I do not predecease my parents), I would have none of that. I might not even have anyone to notice that I had died. This was deeply, deeply depressing; I cried myself to sleep for about a week, and have felt even more incredibly lonely — when I haven’t been totally numb — ever since.

I don’t know what the answer is. Various nice and well-meaning people have tried to tell me, “Don’t worry, you’ll find someone eventually. Look, I was ${N} before I met my spouse…”. It’s incredibly difficult to believe that, given the experience that I’ve had so far. I do sometimes think that I’ve been too picky, that my preferences pretty much exclude anyone who might possibly be interested in me, but then I think it would be unfair to try to lower my standards and end up with a person I wasn’t actually interested in. (Maybe that explains all the women who seem to be active on dating sites for years without ever finding anyone: are they, also, too unwilling to lower their standards? There is some economics research on this point, which was mentioned in that Ideas episode I mentioned earlier.)

Posted in States of mind

Cosma Shalizi on programming as expression

I don’t agree with everything he says in his advice for students in his Intro to Statistical Computing class, but I like this a lot:

Programming is expression: take a personal, private, intuitive, irreproducible series of acts of thought, and make it public, objective, shared, explicit, repeatable, improvable. This resembles both writing and building a machine: communicative like writing, but with the impersonal, it all-must-fit check of the machine. All the other principles follow from this fact, that it is turning an act of individual thought into a shared artifact — reducing intelligence to intellect

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Musing on accent accommodation

All this reading of Diane Duane novels reminded me of something I observed a while ago. Back in the summer of 2012, I heard, in relatively quick succession, recordings of two Americans living in the British Isles: a podcast interview with Duane, and a public lecture given by Lynne Murphy. Both are natives of New York (Duane from the city, Murphy from Upstate). Duane has lived in Ireland with her husband, Northern Irish novelist Peter Morwood, for a few decades now; Murphy got her Ph.D. in 1995 and worked in South Africa and Texas before settling at the University of Sussex; she is married to an Englishman. Yet Duane has by far the more recognizably American accent — her New York accent shines clearly through in the podcast interview, whereas Murphy’s voice sounds like several accents at war with each other, giving a result that sounds very British to this American and probably still sounds American to most British (or at least English) ears.

Not being a phoneticist or a dialectologist, I have no idea how this is normally explained. A few possibilities:

  • Audience: Duane was having a one-on-one interview with an American, but Murphy was lecturing to an audience of people from SE England.
  • Age at emigration: Murphy was younger when she left the U.S. for South Africa.
  • Local context: Irish accents are generally rhotic and have other features that may make them less unlike American accents than urban English accents are, so Americans accommodate less when in Ireland than in England.
  • Strength of original accent: Perhaps New York accents are just stronger, more resistant to change later in life, than Inland North accents as found around the Great Lakes region. (I believe Murphy grew up near Rochester, New York, on the edges of the region where the Northern Cities Shift is taking place.)

The Diane Duane interview was from Wired’s Geekdad blog. Lynne Murphy’s lecture was for TEDxSussexUniversity (YouTube video). Do you agree?

UPDATE: Lynne Murphy tweeted in response a suggestion that being a professional lecturer in England probably has something to do with it as well. No doubt!

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While I’m quoting Diane Duane…

This made me tear up (not least because it’s never happened to me, of which more later if I can manage to get it written):

But normally the concept of the date suggests something besides just going out to have fun. About the word, in English anyway, there hovers a sense that the fun itself is almost secondary. The real business of the evening is seeing the other person (or people) involved in the equation having that fun in company with you, and being in a position to share some of the overspill of their pleasure — but also, most importantly, to have the other person know that their happiness is making you happy too. And in the truly perfect date, this whole set of conditions is duplicated in the other person (or people), so that the exterior delight in the event itself, and the interior delight in the other person’s enjoyment of what’s going on, reflect back and forth as in a hall of virtual mirrors — seemingly increasing one another the way light, so remirrored, seems to increase light even when there’s been no net addition to the energy input. No one who’s ever been on such a date is likely to forget it…whether they’re a wizard or not.

— from day 4 of the Young Wizards 30-day OTP (“On a date”), posted 2012-11-20

Of course that’s probably an impossible standard to meet. You should go buy all her books anyway.

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A lovely short meditation by Diane Duane

I’m not one for meditation, but I thought this was lovely:

I’ll meet cruel people today, cowards and liars, people eaten up with envy and people drugged out or wasted on booze. They’ll be like that because they’re not clear about what’s good and what’s bad in their lives or about how much it matters which side to take, for themselves or for others. But even though they’re like that, I don’t have to be. I do have to keep their trouble in mind while I go about my business, though; because they are my business.

This is from Nita’s part of Diane Duane’s entry for day 16 (“During their morning rituals”) in the 30-day OTP (“One True Pair”) challenge, posted 2013-11-15. (The challenge was primarily a fanfic event and started in 2012, but DD is a pro writer doing it in one of her own universes.)

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The economy of ideas

Even the best of us have only a few ideas. Bill Gates, our era’s wealthiest entrepreneur, arguably had only one big idea. Giving wealthy people like him tax breaks will not suddenly encourage them to have more ideas. It is far better for our country to enable every citizen to participate in our capitalist economy by ensuring that they have the requisite education and access to capital and training to convert their ideas into products that solve the world’s problems.

— Nick Hanauer and Eric Beinhocker, “Capitalism Redefined”, Democracy #30 (Fall 2013)

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Literature and emotion and Deep Wizardry

Early this morning (or actually, all too late) I finished reading the “New Millennium Edition” of Diane Duane’s Deep Wizardry. I have the first edition (in multiple copies, even), and in fact read the first edition as a library book when it came out not quite thirty years ago, but out of all the Diane Duane books I’ve read at all (and there are still a good number that I haven’t), it’s the one I have read the fewest times in any version.

(Before I continue, I should explain that the “New Millennium Editions” are DD’s series of partial rewrites to bring the “Young Wizards” series, of which Deep Wizardry is the second title, into a consistent chronology and a less dated technological background. The original novels were written over the course of decades, and were generally written in the “present”, which makes a hash of the internal chronology of the series; with the new editions, Duane restarts the internal calendar from a definite point in real-world time. These are available only as direct-to-reader ebooks, as her conventional publisher is not ready to change the text they currently have in print. I had purchased these new editions much earlier, as they came out, but didn’t have a usable ebook reader — my phone doesn’t cut it — until recently, and I wanted to see how the updates actually worked out. So far, so good.)

The reason I have rarely reread Deep Wizardry (and I think the past few days represents only the third time for me) is the incredible emotional power this particular book has for me, far greater than the other books in this series (that I’ve read so far). It’s a book that I can’t read all the way through without stopping multiple times (there aren’t too many 250-page Young Adult novels that I could say that about!) and the ending resonates in a way beyond my ability to explain. I finished the book at about 3:15 this morning and was literally left crying in bed for half an hour. No other book has ever done that to me, and Deep Wizardry does it to me every single time — even knowing well how it ends.

As I lay awake this morning, waiting to calm down enough to sleep, I wondered: do other people respond to this book in that way? I do tend toward books that have a very particular sort of emotional resonance (even if not usually ones that reduce me to tears); many of Misty Lackey’s books leave me with a similar feeling, if not quite so strong. (And I think I can say without too much fear of contradiction that Duane is a better writer than Lackey, if less prolific.) And there’s a lot of that in the sort of music that I like as well; see my playlist. (A good example would be the sequence “Metaphorical Reasons” and “That’s What the Lonely Is For” from David Wilcox’s Live Songs & Stories, which is clearly supposed to be uplifting, and even a bit funny, but often leaves me in tears anyway. I haven’t done the math, but it seems that a pretty large fraction of the music I like is about falling in love, being in love, falling out of love, missing someone you love, and so on. Let’s not go into the ones about abused children.)

Perhaps the relative emotional emptiness of my everyday life demands that I seek out this sort of release in literature and music, at least some of the time. Even if it makes me feel terrible, lose sleep, and whatever else (increased cortisol levels?) comes along with, it’s a damn sight better than getting flaming angry at someone or something and making a fool of myself that way (especially if it happens at work). It has taken me a long time (nearly twenty years!) to get to the point that I don’t get so emotionally tied up with work, even when the users or the administration are being unbelievably, mind-bogglingly stupid and short-sighted. But still, sometimes I’m sad, often I’m lonely, and on occasion it’s helpful to read or listen to something that speaks to those feelings, and hints at the possibility of a better outcome.

There. I’ve said it.

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Chocolate caramel walnut tart

One of my favorite holiday-time desserts is a chocolate-caramel-walnut tart from Cook’s Illustrated. I first made it in 2007 after picking up the recipe in CI‘s holiday baking annual; searching today, I found the original recipe was from the November, 2004, issue. The tart is made in a nine-inch fluted tart pan, and has a modified pate sucree crust (made with ground, toasted walnuts and confectioner’s sugar). On top of that sits the dark caramel layer, with more walnuts (roughly chopped this time), and an even darker chocolate custard layer. On top, caramel-coated walnuts provide additional decoration as well as a slicing guide.

The first time I made this recipe, I used black walnuts rather than the usual English walnuts. Black walnuts have a much stronger flavor than the regular kind, and not everyone liked the result, so lesson learned: don’t substitute walnuts. The recipe probably could be made with other nuts in place of the walnuts (which would please my officemate, who has a walnut allergy but can eat pecans) but in doing it this year I chose to stick with the recipe. As much as possible, I stuck to the ingredient weights given in the recipe rather than the volumetric measurements, and I noticed that for some of the ingredients, including the walnuts, there was a significant difference. (In every case, the difference meant a larger quantity for scale-measured ingredients than the volume given as equivalent.) The whole process takes about five hours including prep work, although there are some pauses early in the process as the tart crust needs to be chilled three times.

(I should point out that making caramel is just about the most dangerous thing most home bakers are ever likely to do in the kitchen. The process involves melting sugar and heating it to just below the point at which it starts to smoke, then dumping cold liquid — cream — into the pot and waiting for it to stop sputtering. Getting any of the sticky molten sugar on your skin is a sure way to ruin your day.)

OK, time for the pictures. First up is the whole tart, in the pan, after cooling in the refrigerator for about 14 hours.

A photograph shows the tart in its pan

The tart is baked in a nine-inch fluted tart pan, then cooled for several hours in the refrigerator.

I took a picture after removing it from the pan as well, so you can see what the crust looks like:

Photo of the tart after depanning

The crust was blind-baked under pie weights for half an hour, then cooled on a rack and filled with caramel and chilled before adding the custard topping and baking a second time. You can see that I’m not very good at making a circle of evenly spaced caramel-coated walnuts. I blame the caramel coating, as they were quite sticky.

Of course, the photo you’re really waiting for is the vertical cross-section:

Photo showing two slices of the tart on a dessert plate, seen from the side.

The vertical cross-section shows the three layers of this tart: pastry crust on the bottom, a layer of caramel and chopped walnuts above that, and on top, a rich chocolate custard. I used Valrhona Manjari feves to make the chocolate custard. I would probably serve this with a dollop of whipped cream (although there’s plenty of cream already in the filling).

I put the whole recipe through a nutrition calculator and came up with the following pseudo-“Nutrition Facts” label. Note that this assumes that the whole tart crust recipe is used (there was quite a bit left over) and that the tart is sliced in twelfths, so the nutrition values are probably a bit overstated (particularly if you have better slicing skills than I do and can make 16 portions).

Nutrition Facts
Serving size: 1 slice
Servings per container: about 12
Amount per serving
Calories 441 Calories from fat 296
% Daily Value
Total Fat 31g 48%
 Saturated Fat 13g 65%
 Monounsaturated Fat 1g
Trans Fat 0g
Cholesterol 107mg 36%
Sodium 69mg 3%
Potassium 15mg 0%
Total Carbohydrate 33g 11%
 Dietary fiber 2g 8%
 Sugars 24g
Proteins 7g
Vitamin A 13%
Vitamin C 0%
Calcium 5%
Iron 6%

(Unfortunately I can’t override WordPress’s CSS to format this correctly according to FDA standards.)

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